Comparison of Arrays, briefly

So. Everything is an object. That was js, right? An object can be an association between a key (name) and a value. Which makes an object sort of an array, right? Because an array is a collection of key:value pairs. If key is a name, that's an object, if it's an index value, that's an array. Key:value pairs. Yep.

Examples from things I have some familiarity with:

JavaScript array creation:
var myArray = ["element1", "element2", "bunnies"];
console.log(myArray[2]);  
//prints "bunnies"

jQuery object (more than just an array):
var divs = $("div");
console.log(divs);  
//prints "[0: div.container, 1: div.logo, 2: div.content...]"

PHP:
$animals = array("dragon", "giraffe", "hedgehog");
echo $animals[2];
//displays "giraffe"

Python Lists (mutable, homogenous):
>>> colors = [['blue', 'red'], ['sage', 'vermillion']]
>>> colors[-1][0]
'sage'

And Python Dictionaries (essentially objects/associative arrays):
>>>dict = {'nonfiction': ['Pollan', 'Berners-Lee'], 'fiction': ['Tolkien', 'Asimov']}
>>> dict['nonfiction'][1]
'Berners-Lee'

And Python Tuples (immutable, heterogenous):
>>>tup = ('a', 3, -0.2)
>>>tup[1]
3

Java (fixed length):
String[] rabbits = {"fuzzy", "hoppy", "ears"};
System.out.println(rabbits[1]);
//prints "hoppy"

C (Closest to Java. Info from Learn C the Hard Way. I hadn't touched C before today, forgive me.):
main(){
char name[] = "Petunia"; 
//creates array of chars {'p', 'e', 't'...etc}
printf("name is %s.\n", name);
printf("or also %c %c %c.", name[0], name[1], name[2]);
}
//prints
name is Petunia.
or also P e t.

In which I stumble over PHP

his post was originally just called "learning by doing," but then I was feeling so embarrassed about not recognizing PHP when I fell over it that I renamed it. This post is also on understanding the elements of hook_help() in general in order to write views_help(). Warning: contains questions that are not-stupid!

1. What does $output = ''; do, exactly?
This is most likely a PHP thing, which I have absolutely zero experience with. I know $ as jQuery, but now I'm not even sure that's what it's doing here. Yeah, that would be PHP- the $ indicates a variable. I've been avoiding learning PHP for the timebeing in the interest of focusing elsewhere without distraction, but a quick look through the PHP online documentation will help me with the syntax here. This explains why no one answered my pathetic pleas for explanation on this previously. I feel pretty dumb for not recognizing/thinking of this right off. The functions look enough like functions that I wasn't paying much attention to details, but... yeah.

So, question part B: why so many lines for defining $output? Why not in one big block? Is that just for readability, using a new line of PHP for what would be a new line of HTML? The first line $output = ''; is just initializing the output variable, or rather, defining it. Subsequent lines $output .= ''; are concatenating, or adding, those strings onto the previous definitions. Now I'm looking at coding best practices for Drupal and for PHP. This also spills over into question 2, below.

2. $output .= '<h3>' . t('About') . '</h3>'; What are the periods doing in there? 

The separation of html elements and the string to be translated makes sense, no reason to include code in translatable strings. The periods seem to be for concatenation of strings/elements in the $output variable, since otherwise just using = would reassign the entire variable.

In alexpott's Drupalcon Prague session From Not-Invented-Here to Proudly-Found-Elsewhere: A Drupal 8 Story, he recommends PHP The Right Way, which just happens to have a few more opinions on things than the standard PHP docs (new version in beta!).

In PHP The Right Way, we find a note on concatenation recommending that strings be kept under 120 characters, and that if they should be longer, to use concatenation operators (eg a period, . ) combined with indented newlines for readability. This method is recommended over using concatenating assignment operators (eg period equals, .= ). The example of what not to do looks exactly like our $output variable here.

... which means I found the right bit of doc! and that it's usually impossible to keep up with standards, best practices and the latest in code. Plus, I'm sure I'm still missing some reasoning and background here.

3. More on the translate function t():

In views_help() the translate function is part of the concatenated string assigned to $output. In point two, above, it marks the string "About" as translatable: t('About'). Whatever is inside the translate function is added to the database of strings to be translated into the current language from English, which is the standard. The translate function works with the Localization API to pick out which bits of text are translatable.

The Localization API seems to mostly do the work of targeting strings for translation either through a translate function or "known locations." The translate function identifies strings, and the Localization Server extracts them. You know, I'm a somewhat visual person, I just keep wanting maps for all these things.

EDIT: This bit from the Drupal JS API docs finally explains how the translate function works:

The Drupal.locale property works in conjunction with Drupal.t(), the JavaScript equivalent of the server-side t() function. It holds a collection of string translations so that Drupal.t() can then access the required string from Drupal.locale in order to translate what was passed into it.

4. What are these link tokens? ! is preferable to @?

After my preliminary expectations of easiness on this one were doused, I think I at least determined that this is not the same sort of token as the generic placeholder substitution token. It seems that instead of just using <a> tags, links are created using link tokens and an array. Previously, the links were marked with @, but from a comment on the views_help issue I've gathered that ! is the new @. Perhaps this is another PHP thing. Perhaps I will just go read my PHP books now and call it quits on this blogpost.


Read next: Working with JS in Drupal

And in the meantime: watch session slideshows from DrupalCon Prague! I'm so happy these are available.

And also, finally went to do something with Drush and found it not cooperating, so now I need to backtrack on that, put it back together, and hope that the latest version is really the right thing for D8. Oh, now I really feel dumb. Should have watched this session from Prague first, too. Somewhere in the process of downloading the latest, adjusting .bash_profile and connecting to the example aliases file, I broke it even worse. And creating a mysql file somewhere to cooperate with MAMP.

All this is in the notes on the Drush github page, of course, but after a while I just started feeling like a complete moron. Finally figured out that drush self-update is no longer included (I must've had a much older version installed earlier, not sure how/why), found a drush cheatsheet, and managed to uninstall my modules, check my modules, reinstall... I think I've got it now, but jeez. I keep getting stuck between versions, missing important documentation and feeling really lost, which is incredibly discouraging because then I can't even begin to do simple tasks. Hopefully if I just keep chugging along it'll all work eventually.

Drupal dev env sans MAMP... almost

nother day, another blip on the learning curve. Today I attempt to set up a local hosting environment without using MAMP. Unfortunately, it looks like the doc regarding this manual set up is from 2008, five years and several OS updates out of date, which means I'm winging it, finding new directory paths, etc. At some point later on I may spend some time updating the documentation for all this, but not until I have a full grasp myself.

I'm going to start back here with requirements again, while looking at the manual setup of MySQL and PHP mentioned above. So I'm also looking at this manual setup blog post over here, which should at least point me in the right directions. Managing databases from cli (command line) is not really what I wanted to be doing here.

1. Apache server. Got it, version 2.2.22. Comes with OS X, all I have to do is turn on web sharing... which I seem to have left running and should probably turn off more often. Configuration is in httpd.conf. It's apparently very debatable just which httpd.conf file I should be working on, or whether I should use a separate file like username.conf. Either way, they are here: /etc/apache2/httpd.conf or /etc/apache2/users/username.conf This part I did previously with /Applications/MAMP/conf/apache/original.
• Question: what exactly is this /etc/ directory? Heck, what are all these invisible directories? I really don't know how the system works that well, and Mac OS obscures all the useful things from the average user (eg not me, who somehow permanently turned on "show invisibles." Wish I remembered how...)
2. MySQL: downloaded, install... fix socket? can't find mysql.sock? Oh, initialize grant tables, maybe that's what I'm missing. Need mysql user? Checking that with dscl. Find proper PATH for bash profile, think I got that. Also checking info on MySQL site here for security and initial setup. And here to get mysql OS user account set up? But then that's outdated too, and the data directory is actually /usr/local/mysql/data. And I can't get mysqld_safe to work either. Ok, permissions are wrong on my error log? checked using shell> ls -la /usr/local/mysql/var, but it still says permission denied. And I need a mysql connection extension thing? mysqli? GAH. Alright, I give up. I can connect via cli to MySQL if I turn it on in the prefpane. Not a clue about that extension though. 
3. Attempted to use Homebrew, but it turns out that it needs XCode, which is only OS X 10.7.4+ and I'm on 10.6 something. At this point, I would like to upgrade, but, more software costs...

Then checked back on the original issue I was following that was messing up MAMP, and it seems there's a patch that fixes the issue, so provided that works, I'm back to figuring out more of Git, rerolling, and possibly creating patches. All of which is really not that difficult, but these background headaches are pretty killer.

And I got my Drupal install page back up, just had to reset my MAMP port to 80. And thank goodness, configuration goes smoothly, no more errors. So the lesson here is that I need a backup server/db environment and more knowledge of how to configure the whole shebang. I'll work on finishing that setup some time when it will be a challenge and not a headache. 

Now on to more patches! yay!

Local/Drupal: complete!

k, picking up from where I left off yesterday - configuring and finishing the local install of Drupal. References: dev env set up page and installation/configuration instructions. Instructions focus on command line tools, so that's good. Thank goodness I had already installed Git and know a few Unix commands or I'd really be behind the curve on this.

1. Neat, here's a handy list of best practices for CMS usage. Completely agree about backups, and definitely need to test mine for the WordPress site I'm maintaining. ...Documentation can be such a rabbit hole; if I don't stop myself I'll just keep reading for hours.
2. First we check system requirements, which I already looked at yesterday. Double checking in more detail now. I will want to enable clean URLs on my own site later on.
   • Web Server: Apache, check. Apache Virtualhost configuration file would be httpd.conf, I think, so I change the AllowOverride to "All" there.
   • DB server: MySQL is what MAMP uses, with PHPMyAdmin, so I should be set there. Not sure how to check what rights my account has or how to change max_allowed_packet, so I'm hoping everything just works. And my PHP is obviously already connected to MySQL. 
   • Good lord I wish I knew what I was doing.
   • Might need to up my memory for my own photography site later on. Maybe by the time I do that, I'll have plenty of experience and it'll be straightforward.
   • My favorite words today: "Enabled by default." 
   • On the bright side, I feel pretty confident about my skills once I have things installed. It's just finding all the configuration files and prying out info about new systems that's challenging.
3. 
   Download instructions not relevant, already have the local directory and Dreamhost has its own instructions that I'll use for my site later. oop, actually I do need to drop the Drupal folder contents into my specified web root, or just redirect the web root. I "woohoo'd" when I saw this in my browser. A little soon for the woohoos, perhaps.
   
   
4. Oh hey, Mac specific install notes regarding PHP, MAMP and other things from my last post. Whoops. Also this note on CVS repository... Question: is this relevant, and wouldn't the Git functionality supersede it? I should figure out how to keep my local version up to date. I bet that's later in the instructions... 
5. Looks like Drupal will create its own DB, so I'm off the hook for that... Might have to adjust settings.php, but I know where to find it, so I'll come back to this step if the install script throws an error. 
6. Checking my MAMP install against the instructions here. Hm. Well this is saying I DO need to create my DB (and here are those pesky user rights from above). hm! all these instructions overlap, so I'm just going to stick with this one, then check back on the INSTALL.txt instructions, and really everything should work fine anyway. Really appreciating the detailed instructions on this link for db creation (necessary or not). Found max_allowed_packet here, too. 
7. Annd filling out the db info on the install page... looks like I wont need much more from the help docs at this point, though I do wonder if I should do "minimal" or "standard." Standard makes sense for testing, rather than custom, right? right.
8. Ok, I think... I think that's done. I get the site login page, changed some settings as in the MAMP local instructions above, db works, only thing I feel stupid about is not installing in the directory I should have. Question: how could I move the entire shebang? What's connected? MAMP needs the location, but the installation script wrote a whole bunch of db links I'm not sure about. Not critical, just irritating to my file system.

And with that, I move on to the rest of the dev env instructions and start my first patch/module/test!

.ignore: Setting Up Local Drupal

y blog here is just going to be very dry for a little while as personal notes/documentation, apologies for that. Once I get some things set up I can filter tags/categories and have sections for tailored subscription... but right now I just need to set up a local install of Drupal 8.x (d8). There are instructions here on Drupal.org on setting up a developer environment (dev env), but I needed a few more steps along the way.

I would have very little idea what I was doing, even with all the documentation, if not for the Drupal Core Mentoring Office Hours, and particularly the very patient help of YesCT on the #Drupal IRC. I will definitely be back for the next office hours session I can get to. And... thank goodness "there are no stupid questions," 'cause boy are some of mine... non-stupid.

1. The above link includes some requirements for the dev env, but I needed to check a few background items, like PHP, to make sure they also fit the requirements for a Drupal install. Step one, actually, was making sure I had accounts set up on Drupal.org and DrupalCoreMentoring.org. I was also pointed at issues for the d8 dev env here, just in case anything listed there would trip me up along the way. 
2. • The one thing from the dev env list I was obviously missing was Drush, which isn't immediately necessary, but I figured I'd get it out of the way. The best way to install for d8 seems to be a git clone from the Drush project page, then following the instructions in the ReadMe to check that it's "using the same PHP as the web user." Question: Is that PHP version, settings, .ini file? 
   • It looks like typing "php -v" in the shell gives me info on whether it's the CLI variety or not (I'm not going to fuss about understanding that completely right now). 
   • Finally found more explicit instructions on command line install of Drush here. The video is the ultimate answer. 
   • However, got this error: The following restricted PHP modes have non-empty values: [error] magic_quotes_gpc. This configuration is incompatible with drush. Please check your configuration settings in or in your drush.ini file; see examples/example.drush.ini for details. Argh. [turns out there's an easy way to turn magic quotes off. oh well]
   • Ok, so then I go to example.drush.ini in the drush install directory and follow those instructions... Turns out my local PHP is out of date, hence magic quotes (deprecated a while ago). Installing new PHP and god-help-me configuring it. 
   • And back to the Drush ReadMe, I added an export PATH to my bash_profile specifying PHP 5.4, although MAMP is on 5.4.10 and command line PHP is 5.4.12... CL PHP ini file is at /usr/local/php5/lib/php.ini, MAMP file is at /Applications/MAMP/bin/php/php5.4.10/conf/php.ini
   • I want matching memory_limit 512M and time limit 120 seconds in both files, I think. Not sure about what this step is referring to, so hoping it's these two files, not that I should have just one .ini file. Changed memory limits to match. Question: where is the time limit? script execution or input?
3. Not a clue where I left off... I think the next step is getting my Drupal from version control via git clone.  This really ought to be easy... downloaded just fine.
4. Then adding the Git Deploy module. hm. Doesn't appear to be released for 8.x. Question: Do I need Git Deploy for patch work? 
5. Checking back on the dev env page for configuration and other steps... Just need to install? Will have to do that tomorrow.
6. Then that should probably do it, and I'll leave the rest for tomorrow. I think the next steps are finding a project, and I shouldn't need to mess much with this install until I have something to test.